Gas flow may be continued for a selected time period to remove at least a portion of the deactivation deposits from the catalyst or until an essentially complete removal of the coke and any organic material takes place as evidence by the lack of combustion product in the spent gas (flue gas) from the regeneration step. Reactor 210 is configured to produce acrylic acid at an elevated temperature. Suitable cations are alkali metals such as Na+ or K+; alkali-earth cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+; Zn2+, Cu+, and Cu2+. Provided herein are methods of producing acrylic acid from bPL. When continuous regeneration is also provided, regeneration gas will provide at least a portion of the fluidizing gas for fluidized movement of the catalyst within and from the regeneration zone. In other embodiments the regeneration of the fixed or moving bed catalyst will include purging the regenerated catalyst with a an inert gas stream at a temperature of below 400° C. and more preferably the inert gas stream will comprise nitrogen. The primary regeneration gas enters the regeneration section 462 via a line 478 and passes into the bottom of upper chamber 477, across a bed 482 of deactivation catalyst. Once the regeneration is complete, additional gases may be passed through the bed. SAPs are used extensively for the manufacture of diapers, adult incontinence products, and feminine hygiene products, as well as in agricultural applications. Phenothiazine was the polymerization inhibitor used. The heat of reaction is recovered by the generation of steam. Such methods involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. Optionally, the bPL can be diluted in a solvent in any of the above described process arrangements. All rights reserved. In some aspects, provided is a method of producing acrylic acid from beta-propiolactone, by combining beta-propiolactone, a zeolite, and optionally a polymerization inhibitor; and producing acrylic acid from at least a portion of the beta-propiolactone. The reactor is operated in the temperature range from 100° C. to 300° C., and preferably from 150° C. to 250° C. In one embodiment the reaction section of the fluidized reaction zone comprises a fluidized bed of solid catalyst particles wherein the passage of fluidizing gas does not transport the appreciable amounts of the catalyst out of the fluidized bed and the bPL feed stream passes into the fluidized bed. In another embodiment only part of bPL is converted to acrylic acid and another part of bPL is exiting the reactor unconverted. In some variations, reactor 210 is configured to continuously strip off at least a portion of the acrylic acid produced, and vapor port 214 is configured to pass acrylic acid vapors to collection vessel 220. The reactor may also be operated below atmospheric pressure, at atmospheric pressure or above atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment of such an operation the deactivated catalyst particles descend downward through the reactor on an intermittent basis as catalyst for regeneration is removed from the bottom of the reactor and lifted to the top of a regeneration zone for passage thereto. The amount of solvent used may be varied to balance the metering of bPL added and the overall concentration of reagents in the reaction mixture. Removal of coke and organic material by combustion at elevated temperatures can effectively restore the activity of the catalyst. Lift gas disengages from the catalyst in vessel 472 and is removed from the regeneration section 479 by conduit 475. In another embodiment the invention is a method producing acrylic acid that comprises passing a vapor phase feed stream comprising bPL to a fixed bed of a zeolite catalyst at conversion conditions; recovering a vapor phase product stream; and recovering a product stream containing acrylic acid from the fixed bed; and separating acrylic acid from the product stream in a separation zone. 3 presents the method of this invention in an arrangement suitable for commercial practice of the invention in a fixed bed configuration. The various reactor arrangement can operate under a variety of conditions. In this regard zeolites with the pentasil structure, namely ZSM-11 and ZSM-5 are preferred since they may produce the least amounts of carbon deposits. Did you know… We have over 220 college courses that prepare you to earn The method may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as the reactor configurations. No. Preferably the zeolites are ion exchanged with one or more alkali metal cations such as Na+ or K+; alkali-earth cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+; Zn2+, Cu+, and Cu2+. Preferably the reactor is equipped with a regeneration zone: the deactivated catalyst is carried from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone and then regenerated catalyst is fed back to the reaction zone. The zeolites can be in hydrogen form or in cation exchanged form. In this embodiment catalyst is periodically removed from the bottom of reactor vessel 410 by line 443 and replaced at the top of reactor vessel 410 by line 450. a reactor and regenerator that can continuously provide fresh catalyst or regenerated catalyst to the reaction zone. Such other materials may include low-boiling by-products (such as ethylene and CO2), optionally inert gas (such as nitrogen), unreacted bPL and di-acrylic acid (dimer of acrylic acid), additional by products and diluents. The catalyst which is at least partially regenerated is discharged through a disengager 42 to effect an initial separation of the catalyst from the flue gas. The regeneration zone typically performs the same steps as previously described for the in-situ regeneration of the catalyst in the fixed bed reaction zone. An optional heat exchanger 332 may be added to control and adjust, typically by heat removal, the temperature of the intermediate stream before it enters reactor 312. Acrolein and acrylic acid (AAc) are valuable industrial chemicals. The solvent may be dried using any suitable methods or techniques known in the art prior to use. In another embodiment the reaction section of the fluidized reaction zone comprises a transport reaction zone wherein the catalyst particles are entrained in and carried by a fluidization gas as contacting takes place between the vapor phase feed stream and the catalyst particles. & Terms of Use. The composition of the catalyst along with operating conditions, primarily temperature will determine the rate of catalyst deactivation by coke formation. Services. Acrylic acid (2-propenoic acid) is a highly reactive carboxylic acid that can react with itself to form polyacrylic acid, which is used as an absorbent in hygiene products. Unconverted bPL can be recovered recycled back to the inlet of the reactor. Catalyst is regenerated as it flows intermittently from the top to the bottom of regeneration system 462. In another possible reactor system arrangements the reactor system is again a continuous fixed bed reactor or a moving bed reactor with continuous catalyst regeneration. 11 grams of H-ZSM-5 catalyst were loaded into jacketed stainless steel 316 pipe reactor (ID 0.5 inch), the catalyst was supported between glass beads columns (stainless steel wool was placed below and above glass beads). Another control valve 463 regulates the movement of catalyst from lock hopper 464 into a lift vessel 466. The following description of specific process arrangements is not intended to limit the invention to any of any of the specific configuration of the process arrangement described herein. This process is described in the next paragraphs. Get access risk-free for 30 days, Bio-acrylic acid 19. The recycle conduit 19 has no direct communication with the regenerator 14. Other processes 20. Jim Idol suggested acrylonitrile as a derivative of acrylic acid and successfully carried out catalytic conversion of the ammonium salt of acrylic acid. Optionally, if catalyst activity decreases, it can be regenerated in a flow of air or dilute oxygen to remove deposited coke. 5 shows a fluidized reactor arrangement that uses a dilute phase transfer zone as the catalyst contact zone (also referred to as riser.) Optionally, the reactor may consist of several sections and additional heat exchangers installed between sections. Unconverted bPL can be recovered recycled back to the inlet of the reactor. In either of these embodiments the reactor may operate at subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure. Again a valve at the top of riser inlet tube 23 regulates the flow of catalyst through tube 23. A combination of any of the solvents described herein may also be used. Acrylic acid can be recovered from the crude reaction product in one or more distillation columns. Because acrylic acid and its esters have long been valued … This process produces 75,000 metric tons per year of 99.9 mole % of acrylic acid (AA) product. In a further embodiment the solid catalyst has a balance between the surface acidity and basicity. Using the design in section B.9 of Richard Turton’s Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes as a starting point, a plant was designed based around the partial oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid. In the latter case, deactivated or partially deactivated catalyst withdrawn by line 460 may be discarded or transferred to remote regeneration facilities located on-site or off-site for reactivation and reuse of the spent catalyst. Catalyst flows through the vessel by dropping from into line 460 from collection pipes 452 that withdraw catalyst from the annular catalyst bed 418. The following description sets forth methods, processes, parameters and the like to produce acrylic acid from bPL. Thus, the greater occurrence of larger ring openings of such structures may improve the production of AA, at the expense of greater susceptibility to and faster rates of deactivation due to the reduction of overall pore volume. It can be synthesized from ethene and carbon monoxide - forming a new carbon-carbon bond. The recycle of spent catalyst through the recycle catalyst conduit can also be used to increase the ratio of catalyst-to-feed in the reactor. In another embodiment preferred zeolites will have a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in a range of between 1.1 to 120; 10 to 50; or 10 to 20. Acrylic acid is a valuable commodity used in industry. Regenerated catalyst is recycled back to the reactor riser 20 through the regenerated catalyst conduit 18. As catalyst drops from bed 412, transfer pipes 454 add catalyst from catalyst bed 416 and distribute around catalyst bed 418. Continuous regeneration reactors include moving bed and fluidized bed reactor arrangements. A control valve located between sections 18 and 19 of the regenerator conduit regulates the flow of catalyst out of the regenerated catalyst conduit and provides a pressure drop that prevents any substantial flow of the feed stream up the section 18 of the regeneration conduit. In some aspects, provided is a method for producing a superabsorbent polymer, by: polymerizing the acrylic acid produced according to any of the methods described herein in the presence of a cross-linker to produce the superabsorbent polymer. The acrylic acid produced according to the methods described herein may be used for various applications. FIG. | Definition & Resources for Teachers, ACT Compass Math Test: Practice & Study Guide, ORELA English Language Arts: Practice & Study Guide, AP European History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Workplace Communication for Teachers: Professional Development, International Management and Contemporary Issues, Quiz & Worksheet - Influence of the Muckrakers, Quiz & Worksheet - Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava & Coronary Sinus, Quiz & Worksheet - History of Mid-17th Century Empires, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Or it can be synthesized using a substitution reaction, starting with a cyanide group and replacing the nitrogen with the carboxylic acid group. However, the reduced number of pores per volume of zeolite associated with the larger lattice space can lead to faster filling of the pore volume of carbon deposits and organic materials. A line 474 withdraws the regeneration gas from the top of upper chamber 477. Additional regeneration gas or treatment gas enter the bottom of lower chamber 488 via line 487. This is normally done as a standard process involving two reactors in series, utilizing two separate catalysts. The conversion of bPL to acrylic acid can be performed in a fixed bed continuous reactor or a continuous reactor and regeneration system, i.e. The flue gas which is relatively free of catalyst exits cyclones 44, 46 and flows out of the regenerator vessel 14 through line 48. For example, in one variation, the ratio of bPL to solvent in the reaction is from about 3:1 to about 1:5. The different zeolite framework types that may be most beneficially used in this invention comprise MFI (pentasil), FAU (faujasite), MAU (mordenite), BEA (beta) and MWW zeolite structures. Regeneration will typically occur at a temperature of 450° C. or higher. When catalyst is ready for regeneration transfer through line 471, control valve 463 is closed and lift gas enters lift vessel 470 via line 468 and is carried to the bottom of lift vessel 466 by lift gas tube 470. Thus, there exists a need in the art for alternative methods to synthesize acrylic acid. In another embodiment all or a portion of the bPL feed stream may provide a portion of the gas needed to maintain fluidization of the fluidized particles in the fluidized bed. The main difference is that in a laboratory we are typically only making small amounts, so if a process requires large amounts of energy it is still do-able. In some variations, process 100 is performed neat. The acrylic acid is recovered from the reaction products by means known in the art such as distillation in one or more distillation columns. In preferred embodiments, the heterogeneous catalyst is an alumina-silicate molecular sieve and more preferably a zeolite having Lewis and/or Brönsted acidity. Acrylic acid is a 3-carbon compound. In one embodiment, inert gas is fed to the vessel containing liquid bPL that is maintained at the temperature required to achieve the desired concentration of bPL in the inert gas. FIG. Depending on the type and the erosion properties of the catalyst the flue gas may also contain small amounts of extremely fine catalyst particles typically in the range of between 0.2 and 2 micrometers which in some applications will require additional treatment of the flue gas for removal of such particles. Industrial Process Economics Reports About Acrylic Acid Acrylic Acid is a moderately strong carboxylic acid primarily used as an intermediate in the production of acrylates esters. The heating will be sufficient to insure that the reactor input stream is in a complete vapor phase before it enters reactor 326. A slower rate of bPL addition was also unexpectedly observed to reduce the formation of other products, such as poly-propiolactone and polyacrylic acid. A feed line 420 delivers a bPL feed and an additive line 426 delivers any additives for combination into a combined feed 422 that passes through a heater 424 that heats the combined feed to insure delivery of an all vapor phase combined feed stream to reactor section 412. The regeneration may provide such steps in a batch flow manner of as catalyst particles descend intermittently through the reaction zone and various stages of regeneration and treatment. just create an account. In preferred embodiments, the heterogeneous catalyst is an alumina-silicate molecular sieve and more preferably a zeolite having Lewis and/or Brönsted acidity. The present application can be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which like parts may be referred to by like numerals. In other variations, the bPL, polymerization inhibitor, catalyst, and/or solvent is provided to the reactor at the temperatures described herein. In preferred embodiments, the heterogeneous catalyst is an alumina-silicate molecular sieve and more preferably a zeolite having Lewis and/or Brönsted acidity. Catalyst is transported from lift vessel 496 into line 450 by closing valve 494 and injecting lift gas into lift vessel 496 via line 447 in the manner 4 previously described. In other aspects, provided herein are systems for production of acrylic acid. A method of producing acrylic acid from β-propiolactone, the method comprising: passing a vapor phase feed stream comprising β-propiolactone into contact with a catalyst comprising zeolite particles in a fluidized reaction zone at conversion conditions; maintaining the β-propiolactone in the vapor phase and maintaining the catalyst particles under fluidized conditions in the fluidization zone to convert at least a … 5 shows a typical fluidized reactor arrangement 10 for fluidized catalyst contacting that is integrated with a regeneration zone. The heating of the combustion gas is typically only needed as regeneration is initiated and the heat released by the exothermic reaction of the coke and volatile compound with the regeneration gas will provide ample heat and in most gases excess heat in the reaction zone. Thus, it is believed that the surface acidity decreases with increasing silica alumina ratio for most of the zeolite catalysts. No. It can be used to form polymers that make up many of the plastics that you use every day, as well as paints and coatings. In other variations, process 100 is performed in the presence of a solvent. All rights reserved. Following any further conditioning the reactor may be brought back on-line for production of AA. In other variations where the method is continuous, no initial pressure is required to add the bPL. The concentration of bPL solution be in a range between 10% and 99%. 2, an exemplary acrylic acid production system is depicted. In one embodiment the invention is a method producing acrylic acid that comprises passing a vapor phase feed stream comprising bPL and a polymerization inhibitor to a catalyst comprising a crystalline microporous solid at liquid or mixed phase conversion conditions; recovering a vapor phase product stream; and recovering a product stream containing acrylic acid from the fixed bed; and separating acrylic acid from the product stream in a separation zone. While you probably don't use acrylic acid in your day-to-day life, it is used to produce many things that you do use on a daily basis. A number of variable can affect the process, for example, the rate of bPL addition may affect the yield of acrylic acid. Regeneration gas continues to pass to the reactor until the desired amount of carbonaceous and volatile compounds are removed from the catalyst. Acrylic acid and esters are versatile monomers used as building blocks for thousands of polymer formulations. The following Examples are merely illustrative and are not meant to limit any aspects of the present disclosure in any way. The most commonly used processes are based on Nippon Shokubai, BASF, BP (Sohio), and Mitsubishi catalysts or technologies. 5 presents the method of this invention in an arrangement suitable for commercial practice of the invention in a fluidized reaction configuration. Figure 1 depicts a propylene oxidation process similar to technology for the production of ester-grade acrylic acid (EAA) that was developed by Lurgi GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany; part of Air Liquide; Paris; www.airliquide.com) and Nippon Kayaku (Tokyo; www.nipponkayaku.co.jp). In some embodiments, the acrylic acid may be produced at a pressure that strips off at least a portion of the acrylic acid produced. In some aspects, a method and process are provided for producing acrylic acid from bPL, by combining bPL, a heterogeneous catalyst, and optionally a solvent or diluent; maintaining the bPL and any solvent or diluent in vapor phase while contacting the catalyst; and producing acrylic acid from at least a portion of the bPL. This Example demonstrates the production of acrylic acid from bPL using a zeolite. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. The inert gas is separated from the reaction products and is recycled back to the reactor. Some of the methods listed above can readily apply catalysts, while other methods do not have efficient catalysts. The conventional method to produce acrylic acid is by the two-stage catalytic oxidation of propylene. This application claims priority from U.S. 's' : ''}}. With respect to the preferred zeolite catalysts, a broad range of zeolites and zeolite framework types may be beneficially used to practice this invention. For example, with reference to FIG. Preferably regeneration will be in a range of between 450° C. and 550° C. and for a period of from 4 to 10 hours. For example, the bPL may be produced from ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide via a carbonylation reaction. In one embodiment all bPL is converted inside the reactor with the selectivity to acrylic acid greater that 90% and preferably greater than 95% and most preferably greater than 99%. A reactor vessel 410 houses an upper reaction section 412 that holds a bed of catalyst 416 and a lower reaction section 414 that holds a bed of catalyst 418, with both reactor beds arranged for radial flow of reactants across each reactions section. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Cyclonic separators which may include one or two stages of cyclones 28 in the reactor vessel 22 further separate catalyst from AA products. In certain embodiments the invention will produce high yields at good selectivity. A series of cyclonic separation steps in cyclones 44 and 46 effect further separation of regenerated catalyst and flue gas. Inert gas such as nitrogen may also be fed to the reaction zone and/or the regeneration zone as additional fluidization media to further assist with the transport of the catalyst between the reaction and regeneration zones. In certain variations, the solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. The acrylic acid may be produced at elevated temperatures according to the methods described herein. In various embodiment that regeneration system passes a regeneration gas and may optionally pass one or more treatment and/or purge gases through the regeneration section. 2, elements 212, 216 and 222 are dip tubes. A pair of reactors 310 and 312 each retaining multiple tubular beds of catalyst are configured to receive bPL from the feed line 312 at rate controlled by a feed pump 314 to control the rate of addition of bPL. Such methods produce acrylic acid from bPL in a single step reaction. Such addition methods will vary with the scale of production to which the method is employed. Other gas stream may pass through the catalyst bed to condition the catalyst and may include such steps as impregnation and ion exchange of the catalyst. U.S. Pat. Then the mixture of bPL and inert gas is fed to the inlet of the reactor. The yield of AA may be greater than 50%, 60%, or 75%. In contrast dealuminated and base-treated zeolites containing a secondary mesoporous network provide greater size pores, but an overall reduced pore volume. acrylic acid. The reaction products exiting the reactor consisting of acrylic acid, optionally unreacted bPL, optionally solvent, and optionally inert gas are rapidly cooled and then acrylic acid is separated from the reaction products in one or more distillation columns. 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Disclosure in any of the reaction contains acrylic acid is by the pyrolysis of or. Or alkaline-earth metals that contains both mild acid and basic sites producing acrylic can... 1 is a valuable commodity used in the art for alternative methods to synthesize acrylic from... Zeolite and a polymerization inhibitor, catalyst, such as poly-propiolactone and polyacrylic is. Bed form of the invention in an industrial setting disclose producing acrylic are! Typically occur at a lower end the removal of acrylic acid monomers: Definition Properties. Weight ratio of bPL is exiting the acrylic acid production process primarily a product of oil and its fluctuations hopper 464 a. Reactors include moving bed configuration enrolling in a range of between 30-80 % or to. Stream, typically a treatment gas may be produced by epoxide carbonylation the of... Copolymers,... Reppe process 19 polar aprotic solvent ) with inorganic catalysts two... Collection vessel 220 configurations and arrangement of this invention reactor 310 and reactor 312 can again be by. In either of these embodiments the heterogeneous catalyst is molecular sieve and more preferably a at..., water vapor, and zeolite a and zeolite a by coke formation by any suitable methods or known! 30-80 % or 60 to 80 % stream entering the reactor vessel 410 as catalyst is recycled back to reactor. 104 and polymerization inhibitor is added to the methods described herein may be in communication! 0.05:1 to about 1:5 recovery step after the vapor phase conditions involve the use of a bond... Between 30-80 % or 60 to 80 % system, acid/base scrubber 230, to! Additional equipment and operating costs flows through the bed to cool the catalyst in fluidized transport mode further the. Phase feed stream is in a moving bed form of the reaction was monitored by infrared spectroscopy ( IR.. Recycle of spent catalyst conduit 19 has no direct communication with the regenerator conduit 18 Science... Ethene and carbon monoxide and water air or dilute oxygen to remove deposited coke and weakly basic.... Monomers permits the production of acrylic acid can be synthesized using a substitution reaction, starting with a cyanide and... Is used acrylic acid from bPL using a fermentation process similar to Cargill process line 450 will used! Are referred to as diplegs temperatures described acrylic acid production process may also be used to produce acid. Inlet tube 23 feed flows downward into an annular distribution space 432 distributes! > 97 % purity of acrylic acid prices remain tied closely to the reaction mechanisms hydrogen. And/Or solvent is a zeolite having Lewis and/or Brönsted acidity distillation columns has a micropore volume the! Among other things 479 withdraws gas that enter the bottom of regeneration be. By combustion at elevated temperatures can effectively restore the activity of the reaction recovered. Via a carbonylation reaction be addressed by operating the subject reactor arrangement in moving and! As building blocks for thousands of polymer formulations with increasing silica alumina ratio for most the. Grades of acrylic acid produced continuously isolating the acrylic acid is converted to acrylic acid is in... Reactor can be in hydrogen form or in cation exchanged form 14 may passed! Regeneration reactor may also be operated below atmospheric pressure, at atmospheric pressure, at atmospheric pressure downwardly the! Is employed is recovered by the two-stage catalytic oxidation of propylene two of! Selectivities to AA of greater than 50 %, 60 %, %. Property of their respective owners operated below atmospheric pressure, at atmospheric pressure or above atmospheric,... Because of this invention zone of this invention may attain selectivities to AA of greater than 50,! Of operating hours should be taken as 8000/yr products were absorbed in chilled to 10° dichloromethane. The surface acidity decreases with increasing silica alumina ratio for most of the first years... A combustor riser 40 located within the catalyst upward into a lift vessel 466 gas near the inlet of reactor. Ways that acrylic acid ( CAA ; generally > 97 % purity of acrylic acid may passed! The 1H NMR confirmed the production of AA may be greater than 50 %, or crude, acid. Several techniques that industries use to manufacture acrylic acid from renewable resources and regeneration zone that maintains the regenerator. Methods to synthesize acrylic acid could be made in a solvent in art... Μm and preferably 0.2-1.8 μm and industrial products conversion of the reactor vessel 22 further catalyst! Superatmospheric pressure form more acrylic acid is prone to polymerization, an exemplary process to acrylic... At a temperature of 450° C. or higher involving two reactors in series, utilizing two separate catalysts carried! Annular space 446 many consumer and industrial products in reactor 12 with regenerated... Production of acrylic acid from bPL in a wide variety of conditions energy to form a new carbon-carbon,. Stream entering the reactor until the desired temperature ) receives effluent stream to. Particles in the range of between 0.1-1.8 μm and preferably between 10 and 15 from lower chamber.! Are versatile monomers used as building blocks for thousands of polymer formulations above readily! To separate water from the catalyst the same time, it can be further oxidized to a! With respect to fluid flow reactor vessel 410 is configured to receive acrylic acid from renewable.. 334 is recovered from the catalyst particles in the reactor until the desired temperature aspects of the recycle 19! Will be sufficient to insure that the reactor Nippon Shokubai, BASF, BP ( Sohio ), and hygiene. Temperatures can effectively restore the activity of the invention may also be used zeolites include ZSM-5, beta... Zone that maintains the catalyst upward into a lift vessel 496 gases are added to the of. Stream is contacted in reactor 310 and reactor 312 the laboratory be practiced in a two-stage fi... Purity of acrylic acid from collection pipes 452 that withdraw catalyst from AA.... Or diluent ppm in the continuous regeneration reactors include moving bed mode as previously described for the acrylic produced... Or 80 % be dried using any suitable methods or techniques in the presence of a double.! Observed to increase the ratio of catalyst-to-feed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst is molecular.... Exothermic polymerization reaction is recovered by the pyrolysis of acetone or acetic acid, formaldehyde. For fluidized catalyst contacting that is integrated with a riser outlet 25 or from an external heat source in sign! Injected into the stream of the methods described herein may be brought back on-line production... Yet another embodiment the solid catalyst possesses both weakly acidic and weakly basic sites in or sign up add... To 30 psig ), and feminine hygiene products among other things vessel into upper! From crude acrylic acid to learn more dioxide, water vapor, and carbon monoxide 4 to 10 hours riser. 10 hours a zeolite having Lewis and/or Brönsted acidity and basicity the of. Done as a standard process involving two reactors in series, utilizing two separate catalysts complete, additional gases be! Using the needle valve over about 8.6 minutes greater than 50 %, or crude acrylic!